The diagnosis of meningitis ultimately rests on csf findings. Patients diagnosed with meningitis syndrome may all exhibit similar symptoms i. There is a new chapter on syndromes of undernutrition in both children and adults, and the section on noncommunicable diseases has been extended to include mental health problems in the tropics. Invasive, toxigenic streptococci cause joint or bone infections, and myositis, meningitis and endocarditis, bacteremia. A yellowish color xanthochromic is due to breakdown of red cells or an increased amount of protein. Microbiology lectures meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. You get it when a virus enters the body through the nose or mouth and travels to the brain. It is not known why one person gets meningitis when others exposed to the same germs do not get as sick, or dont get sick at all. Greatest in first year of life 120 cases per 100,000 population. Hence, clinical syndromic surveillance must be complemented by. Minimum effective concentrations are those needed to inhibit growth. Lecture notes for nursing students pediatric nursing and health care teklebrhan tema tsegaye asres jimma university in collaboration with the ethiopia public health training initiative, the carter center. Yale section of infectious diseases cme didactic lecture series 20192020.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges the covering of the brain and spinal cord. There should be a low threshold for suspecting acute meningitis, which is a medical emergency and antibiotics. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the lining surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. Chapter 7 identification and characterization of neisseria meningitidis. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness.
Caused by viral or bacterial infection viral meningitis is less severe and will clear up with speci. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Meningococcal disease is caused by neisseria meningitidis. Viral meningitis, also called aseptic meningitis, is much more common than bacterial meningitis. Staff should consider themselves exposed to bacterial meningitis only if they have had direct contact with respiratory secretions of the infected person on.
By identifying the causative organism and determining antimicrobial susceptibility. Meningitis meninjietiss is an infection of the meninges meninjeez. Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis in the uk, but bacterial meningitis continues to be important, with a high mortality. Microbiology lectures meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the. Meningococcal meningitis and sepsis guidance notes diagnosis and treatment in general practice 2018 edition uk.
In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. Alice prince bacterial meningitis 1 definition meningitis inflammation of the meninges due to bacterial infection membranes around the brain and cns not parenchymal not to. The laboratory plays a crucial role in diagnosing this devastating disease. Epidemiology prevalence seizures occur in approximately 1% of all children up to the age of 14 years. Tropical medicine is a comprehensive introduction to tropical medicine. These germs usually cause everyday illness, such as an ear infection or pneumonia. Successful antimicrobial therapy occurs when an effective concentration of drug is delivered to the site of infection for a sufficient period of time. Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal infection and inflammation of. In classic bacterial meningitis, the csf is cloudy, due to neutrophils, the protein is elevated, and the glucose is low. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis.
Meningitis is an infection of the tissue called the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Fever, severe and constant headache, stiff neck or neck pain, nausea and vomiting, and rash can all be signs of meningitis. Introduction to laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis. Meningitis sorokhan md, phd bukovinian state medical university department of the infectious diseases and epidemiology 2. Meningitis encephalitis meningitis is an inflammation swelling of the protective membranes meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It initiates invasion by penetrating the airway epithelial surface.
Pharmacologic principles of antimicrobial therapy i. However, it is important to note, that a normal ct brain does not. The peripheral white blood cell count alone is not help. Meningitis causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. These viruses are found in the throat and feces stool of infected people. In general, meningitis caused by a virus is less serious than meningitis caused by bacteria. Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal infection and inflammation of the membranes covering your spinal cord and brain. A group of viruses called enteroviruses is the most common cause of viral meningitis. Memorial library and lecture halls on the auckland. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This lecture will concentrate on the bacterial stds gonorrhea and chlamydia syphilis is covered in a separate lecture. Harris, department of food science and technology university of california davis originally obtained in april 2005. Unequivocal descriptions of meningitis date to the seventeenth century, 1 and tuberculous meningitis and syphilitic meningitis have been known as discreet entities for nearly as long. Lecture notes for medical laboratory technology students medical bacteriology abilo tadesse meseret alem university of gondar in collaboration with the ethiopia public health training initiative, the carter center.
The new edition is in full colour throughout with over 40 colour images integrated with the text. Presently, it is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and meningococcemia in children and young adults. Chapter 7 identification and characterization of neisseria. Meningitis is inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges. Printer friendly version cdc pdf 1 page bacterial meningitis remains a serious global health problem. Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The average annual incidence per 1,00,000 children of hib meningitis was 4. Most patients do not need brain imaging before lumbar puncture. These are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord picture 1.
Princes lecture notes are available in the printed syllabus but not electronically. Meningitis describes inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Guidelines for the management of acute meningitis in. Csf testing for diagnostic and surveillance purposes. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Antibiotic should be modi ed according to the sensitivity pro le if an. Guidelines for managing acute bacterial meningitis in adults.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Listeria monocytogenes class notes phr 150 linda j. Public health concerns mainly focus on the bacteria neisseria meningitidis, as it can cause largescale epidemics. Oral and injectable quinolones have been used successfully in meningococcal meningitis, but their effect in h. Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges in the brain or spinal cord that is most commonly viral or bacterial in origin, although fungal, parasitic, a. Meningitis sorokhan md, phd bukovinian state medical university. Meningitis can be caused by infection from viruses and bacteria germs.
This course provides a general introduction to meningitis and is intended for incident managers and personnel working for the united nations, international organizations and ngos. Infections are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world e. The viral stds hsv and hpv are included here so that we can discuss all the major stds, but they are covered in more detail elsewhere. It can grow on both a blood agar plate bap and a chocolate agar plate cap. All confirmed and probable cases are notifiable at the national level.
Grey matter a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons, glial cells astroglia and. Meningitis has long been known as a clinical disorder. Practice guidelines for bacterial meningitis cid 2004. Viral aseptic meningitis is a serious, but not usually fatal with people with healthy immune systems. Most children with viral meningitis recover completely. Clinical features are poor discriminators for meningitis, so urgent investigations, starting with lumbar puncture, are key. Meningitis knowledge for medical students and physicians amboss.
327 1023 1282 1291 988 315 1419 924 1126 581 524 84 815 537 1031 714 862 888 77 705 1122 634 1212 963 246 801 1396 1050 469 589 864 727